In Parts 1-3 of this series, we covered the mechanics of the CCPA’s new cybersecurity audit requirement: who is covered, when audits are required, what must be audited, who can perform the audit, how it fits with existing security frameworks, and what needs to be documented.
In Part 1 of this series, we outlined the basics of the California Consumer Privacy Act’s (CCPA) new cybersecurity audit requirement: who is covered, when audits are required, and the key obligations to keep in mind. In Part 2, we explored the mechanics and explained what the California Privacy Protection Agency (CalPrivacy) expects the cybersecurity audit to look like in practice, including what must be evaluated, who may conduct the audit, how thorough it must be, and what goes into the audit report.
This article was originally published on The Legal Intelligencer and is republished here with permission as it originally appeared on March 12, 2026.
In this third and final article in a three-part series on the FirstEnergy decision, we turn to what happens when litigation arrives and privilege is challenged.
Over the past several years, district courts have been skeptical of privilege claims over forensic investigation materials in the cybersecurity context. FirstEnergy provides a framework for defending those materials. Every cyber investigation serves two purposes. From a legal perspective, the investigation informs litigation exposure and defense strategy. But the same investigation also identifies compromised systems, drives remediation and supports business operations. After FirstEnergy, those dual purposes do not defeat privilege, provided the investigation was initiated because of legal risk and directed by counsel. This article also examines how the lessons of FirstEnergy apply in cases involving multiple defendants that may have both a desire and need—for both business and legal purposes—to work together to understand an incident and share information.
In Part 1 of this series, we walked through the basics of the California Consumer Privacy Act’s (CCPA) new cybersecurity audit requirement: which businesses are covered, when audits are required, and the high-level obligations to have on your radar.
This five-part series provides an introductory roadmap to the California Consumer Privacy Act’s (CCPA) new cybersecurity audit requirement and the California Privacy Protection Agency’s (CalPrivacy) implementing regulations.
This article takes the next step and focuses on what businesses can do before an incident to structure their vendor relationships and IR plans in alignment with these key legal lessons. We focus on four core IR vendor types: digital forensics vendors, restoration vendors, public relations (PR)/communications firms, and data mining/data review vendors.
Reprinted with permission from the February 9, 2026 edition of The Legal Intelligencer. © 2026 ALM Global Properties, LLC. All rights reserved. Further duplication without permission is prohibited. For permission to reprint or license this article, please contact 877-256-2472 or asset-and-logo-licensing@alm.com.
Investigations led by counsel, triggered by legal risk, and designed to elicit legal advice remain protected, even if their findings later inform business decisions. For cyber incidents, FirstEnergy outlines how to structure IR investigations to maximize privilege and work product protection while supporting an effective technical and business response.
Published in Law360 on June 4, 2025. © Copyright 2025, Portfolio Media, Inc., publisher of Law360. Reprinted here with permission.
Significant data breaches have affected major players in the healthcare industry in the last year, with the methods of attack being as diverse as the affected entities themselves.